Dysphagia may be associated with disorders affecting the muscles and nerves of the tongue and mouth, making swallowing coordination difficult. In other cases, it may be caused by occasional issues, such as improper chewing, or by specific medical conditions, including oesophageal disorders, which require targeted treatment.

Dysphagia is particularly common among older adults, as ageing may lead to weakening of the jaw muscles, tooth loss, impaired smell and taste, and reduced saliva production.

Individuals experiencing symptoms of dysphagia, whose food and fluid intake is limited — whether hospitalised, living in care facilities, or receiving care at home — should be considered at high risk of nutritional deficiencies and managed accordingly.